Material Flow-Based Optimization of Process Chains (Move Rec)
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
The variety of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) makes it difficult to determine the material composition of mixed composite inputs. Most of the types of equipment collected are of a very complex device structure, mechanical parts and electronic compnents, which imply a diverse composite material composition. Besides iron and nonferrous metals, a variety of non-metallic components of some electronic devices contain precoious metals and rare earths. On the other hand, most devices contain hazardous components, which need a specific treatment and/or a controlled waste disposal process.
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
The variety of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) makes it difficult to determine the material composition of mixed composite inputs. Most of the types of equipment collected are of a very complex device structure, mechanical parts and electronic compnents, which imply a diverse composite material composition. Besides iron and nonferrous metals, a variety of non-metallic components of some electronic devices contain precoious metals and rare earths. On the other hand, most devices contain hazardous components, which need a specific treatment and/or a controlled waste disposal process.
XRF - New Applications in Sensor-Based-Sorting Using X-ray Flourescence
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
In recent decades, waste management has developed from simply waste disposal towards waste treatment, waste recovery and recycling. Even though waste collection has reached a high standard and many different waste streams are collected separately, an after-treatment is required. Each waste stream is more or less polluted with undesired types of materials making the treatment of collected waste in certain plants obligatory.
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
In recent decades, waste management has developed from simply waste disposal towards waste treatment, waste recovery and recycling. Even though waste collection has reached a high standard and many different waste streams are collected separately, an after-treatment is required. Each waste stream is more or less polluted with undesired types of materials making the treatment of collected waste in certain plants obligatory.
Fields of Research in Optical Sorting of Different Types of Waste
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
Optical sorting appeared for the first time in 1994 in Germany, France and in the USA. Initially, it was limited to the recognition of the main packaging types, as found in the "yellow bin", using the NIR spectroscopy to differentiate molecular bonds: PET, HDPE, PVC, Tetrapak were the main targets. Colour sorting was later introduced for very fine colour nuances (e.g. clear vs light blue bottles). Today, most MRFs in Europe use Optical Sorting for packaging.
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
Optical sorting appeared for the first time in 1994 in Germany, France and in the USA. Initially, it was limited to the recognition of the main packaging types, as found in the "yellow bin", using the NIR spectroscopy to differentiate molecular bonds: PET, HDPE, PVC, Tetrapak were the main targets. Colour sorting was later introduced for very fine colour nuances (e.g. clear vs light blue bottles). Today, most MRFs in Europe use Optical Sorting for packaging.
German RETech Partnership (RETech) - German Recycling Technologies and Waste Management Partnership e.V.
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
The German RETech Partnership was founded as an association in December 2011 by leading representatives of German recycling businesses and associated academies. The primary objective of the association is to successfully export he concept of "Recycling and Waste Management - Made in Germany" as a product and to establish, promote and develop a modern international waste management constitution.
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
The German RETech Partnership was founded as an association in December 2011 by leading representatives of German recycling businesses and associated academies. The primary objective of the association is to successfully export he concept of "Recycling and Waste Management - Made in Germany" as a product and to establish, promote and develop a modern international waste management constitution.
The Market of Waste Management Technologies in Central and Eastern Europe until 2020
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
Many Central and Eastern European countries are under pressure because of their accession to the European Community (EC) and the related demands e.g. to reach the necessary standards of infrastructure especially regarding the environmental sector. Similarly, Eastern European states that are (currently) not willing or prepared to join the EC such as Ukraine or Russia are starting to develop a national waste management infrastructure.
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
Many Central and Eastern European countries are under pressure because of their accession to the European Community (EC) and the related demands e.g. to reach the necessary standards of infrastructure especially regarding the environmental sector. Similarly, Eastern European states that are (currently) not willing or prepared to join the EC such as Ukraine or Russia are starting to develop a national waste management infrastructure.
Potentials of Biowaste Recovery in the Czech Republic
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
The matter of biological byproducts exploitation is discussed in the Czech Republic for several reasons. One of them is a necessity to reduce the amount of biodegradable waste dumped in a disposal site and another one is an effort to increase the exploitation of renewable energy sources for both electric and heat energy production.
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
The matter of biological byproducts exploitation is discussed in the Czech Republic for several reasons. One of them is a necessity to reduce the amount of biodegradable waste dumped in a disposal site and another one is an effort to increase the exploitation of renewable energy sources for both electric and heat energy production.
Polish Waste-to-Energy Projects and their Perspectives
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
The starting point of the paper was to characterise the current condition of the polish municpal waste management and to outline the most important challenges in this scope. the main part of the paper presents an overview and assessment of the current advancement of Polish construction projects of municpal waste thermal treatment facilities/waste-to-energy projects.
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
The starting point of the paper was to characterise the current condition of the polish municpal waste management and to outline the most important challenges in this scope. the main part of the paper presents an overview and assessment of the current advancement of Polish construction projects of municpal waste thermal treatment facilities/waste-to-energy projects.
Waste Management Research in a Future Megacity - Experiences from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
The article explores the current situation of the waste management system in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. As in most urban centers in developing countries, in Addis Ababa the fate of postconsumer materials, organic waste and other residuals is not well known. This is a result of the lack of a system of data collection throughout the waste management chain. Since there is no systematic recording and assessment of the amount of waste collected and transporte by the municipal or private enterprises, and the final disposal site lacks a weighing bridge to register the amount of residues landfilled, there is almost no robust data that helps assess the performance of the waste management system.
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
The article explores the current situation of the waste management system in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. As in most urban centers in developing countries, in Addis Ababa the fate of postconsumer materials, organic waste and other residuals is not well known. This is a result of the lack of a system of data collection throughout the waste management chain. Since there is no systematic recording and assessment of the amount of waste collected and transporte by the municipal or private enterprises, and the final disposal site lacks a weighing bridge to register the amount of residues landfilled, there is almost no robust data that helps assess the performance of the waste management system.
Fourty Years of Waste Management in Germany - A Success Story with a few Errors
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
Following the Second World War, along with rising prosperity, the amount and quality of waste also changed. Waste disposal was characterised by substantial deficits regarding the treatment capacity and the quality of the treatment plants. The few plants that were in existence did not adhere to the necessary standards regarding their technology, hygiene and environmental protection.
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
Following the Second World War, along with rising prosperity, the amount and quality of waste also changed. Waste disposal was characterised by substantial deficits regarding the treatment capacity and the quality of the treatment plants. The few plants that were in existence did not adhere to the necessary standards regarding their technology, hygiene and environmental protection.
Recent Municipal Waste Management Legislation in Poland
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
By amending the Act on Maintaining Cleanliness and Order in Municipalities¹ (Municipal Waste Act in short), it became mandatory in Poland from 1 January 2012 for municipal waste to be surrendered to public waste management authorities. The amending Act² containing these provisions was passed by Polish legislators on 1 July 2011, after many years of debate.³ The most important amendments and the consequences resulting from them are described in this article.
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
By amending the Act on Maintaining Cleanliness and Order in Municipalities¹ (Municipal Waste Act in short), it became mandatory in Poland from 1 January 2012 for municipal waste to be surrendered to public waste management authorities. The amending Act² containing these provisions was passed by Polish legislators on 1 July 2011, after many years of debate.³ The most important amendments and the consequences resulting from them are described in this article.
