Old landfills: Anthropogenic resources or reserves?
© Deutsche Gesellschaft fĂĽr Abfallwirtschaft e.V. (DGAW) (3/2014)
The overall objective of this study is to apply a primary resource classification framework to a landfill mining project in order to identify the whole landfill and its contained materials either as anthropogenic resources or reserves.
© Deutsche Gesellschaft fĂĽr Abfallwirtschaft e.V. (DGAW) (3/2014)
The overall objective of this study is to apply a primary resource classification framework to a landfill mining project in order to identify the whole landfill and its contained materials either as anthropogenic resources or reserves.
Challenges in material flow accounting – Case study iron production process
© Deutsche Gesellschaft fĂĽr Abfallwirtschaft e.V. (DGAW) (3/2014)
In this study the material flows of an iron production site are investigated. The plant utilizes waste plastics in addition to coke as reducing agent. Advantages and challenges for the application of material flow accounting on a company level are described, particularly with respect to data uncertainties from substance concentration measurements and error propagation.
© Deutsche Gesellschaft fĂĽr Abfallwirtschaft e.V. (DGAW) (3/2014)
In this study the material flows of an iron production site are investigated. The plant utilizes waste plastics in addition to coke as reducing agent. Advantages and challenges for the application of material flow accounting on a company level are described, particularly with respect to data uncertainties from substance concentration measurements and error propagation.
Sewage Sludge as a Resource for Phosphorus
© ThomĂ©-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
Sewage sludge is a suitable resource for phosphorus. Because of the presence of harmful substances, particularly heavy metals, the application to agricultural land is seen more and more critically and is already partially banned. The aim is therefore to treat sewage sludge in a way that harmful substances are eliminated and nutrients, particularly phosphorus, can be recovered. The recovered phosphorus has to be suitable as a potential fertiliser. It has to have a low concentration of heavy metals and a good accessibility for plants, which means, that phosphorus has to be present in its soluble form. At the moment there is no efficient recovery procedure on a large scale available, which offers a high recovery potential, an elimination of harmful substances and a product with a good uptake by plants.
© ThomĂ©-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
Sewage sludge is a suitable resource for phosphorus. Because of the presence of harmful substances, particularly heavy metals, the application to agricultural land is seen more and more critically and is already partially banned. The aim is therefore to treat sewage sludge in a way that harmful substances are eliminated and nutrients, particularly phosphorus, can be recovered. The recovered phosphorus has to be suitable as a potential fertiliser. It has to have a low concentration of heavy metals and a good accessibility for plants, which means, that phosphorus has to be present in its soluble form. At the moment there is no efficient recovery procedure on a large scale available, which offers a high recovery potential, an elimination of harmful substances and a product with a good uptake by plants.
A New Thermo-Chemical Approach for the Recovery of Phosphorus from Sewage Sludge
© ThomĂ©-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
In order to utilise sewage sludge as phosphorus resource, several wet-chemical and thermochemical techniques have been developed so far, yet only few seem promising for large-scale implementation. In the EU-funded research project RecoPhos starting in March 2012, the Montanuniversitaet Leoben, the University of Stuttgart and eight partners from the industry will develop a new P-recovery process that produces phosphoric acid, a calcium-silicate slag and an iron alloy, all resources for the industry. The chemical principle, the Woehler reaction, will be realised on the chemically reacting packed bed of the so-called InduCarb retort.The ashes can be pre-purified in a reductive melt reactor connected upstream, using alternative heat sources like dried sludge.
© ThomĂ©-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
In order to utilise sewage sludge as phosphorus resource, several wet-chemical and thermochemical techniques have been developed so far, yet only few seem promising for large-scale implementation. In the EU-funded research project RecoPhos starting in March 2012, the Montanuniversitaet Leoben, the University of Stuttgart and eight partners from the industry will develop a new P-recovery process that produces phosphoric acid, a calcium-silicate slag and an iron alloy, all resources for the industry. The chemical principle, the Woehler reaction, will be realised on the chemically reacting packed bed of the so-called InduCarb retort.The ashes can be pre-purified in a reductive melt reactor connected upstream, using alternative heat sources like dried sludge.
Decoding interdependencies between primary and secondary raw material markets by means of the Capacity Model
© Wasteconsult International (5/2011)
On the basis of the well-known life-cycle-concept the Capacity Model presents an explanation approach for the interdependencies between primary and secondary raw material markets alongside the life-cycle of different waste materials. Depending on site capacity and waste amount the price for a certain waste material is either determined by the disposal market or the energy and raw material market.
© Wasteconsult International (5/2011)
On the basis of the well-known life-cycle-concept the Capacity Model presents an explanation approach for the interdependencies between primary and secondary raw material markets alongside the life-cycle of different waste materials. Depending on site capacity and waste amount the price for a certain waste material is either determined by the disposal market or the energy and raw material market.
Splitting of heterogeneous waste by sensor-based sorting as a basis for optimized material-specific waste-routing
© Wasteconsult International (5/2011)
In the presented work material-specific sensor-based sorting was evaluated for its technical application on heterogeneous wastes on a pilot and a large scale, in order to optimize the routing options of waste streams in an economically attractive way.
© Wasteconsult International (5/2011)
In the presented work material-specific sensor-based sorting was evaluated for its technical application on heterogeneous wastes on a pilot and a large scale, in order to optimize the routing options of waste streams in an economically attractive way.
An Assessment of the EU Approach to Medical Device Regulation against the Backdrop of the US System
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (6/2010)
A medical device is intended to alleviate a medical condition or to substitute a body function. The use of medical devices entails risks, first and foremost for patients who usually lack the necessary information, time and ability for informed decisions. Based on this, societies choose to regulate these products.
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (6/2010)
A medical device is intended to alleviate a medical condition or to substitute a body function. The use of medical devices entails risks, first and foremost for patients who usually lack the necessary information, time and ability for informed decisions. Based on this, societies choose to regulate these products.
Defining Nanomaterials for the Purpose of Regulation within the European Union
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (6/2010)
Consumer desire for superior and new products has provided industry with the opportunity and market demand to incorporate and experiment with new technologies, including nanotechnologies. While these products and processes have fallen under the scope of existing regulatory frameworks, potential health and safety concerns has prompted some stakeholders to call for new, nano-specific regulations.
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (6/2010)
Consumer desire for superior and new products has provided industry with the opportunity and market demand to incorporate and experiment with new technologies, including nanotechnologies. While these products and processes have fallen under the scope of existing regulatory frameworks, potential health and safety concerns has prompted some stakeholders to call for new, nano-specific regulations.
DIRECT-MAT – developing best practice on recycling or safe disposal of road materials in Europe
© Wasteconsult International (6/2010)
The European road network has a total length of more than 5.8 million km (ERF 2007) and it is still growing. Obviously, various pavement layers exhibit different lifetimes which makes regular maintenance work necessary. As a result, several hundred million tons of road materials are excavated each year from a number of demolished pavement layers. According to European policy (EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, 2006), these materials can be seen as wastes, viz. “substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard”. Nevertheless, in nearly all countries, part of these road construction wastes is reused or recycled back into road infrastructure and this part may reach 100 % depending on the type of road waste.
© Wasteconsult International (6/2010)
The European road network has a total length of more than 5.8 million km (ERF 2007) and it is still growing. Obviously, various pavement layers exhibit different lifetimes which makes regular maintenance work necessary. As a result, several hundred million tons of road materials are excavated each year from a number of demolished pavement layers. According to European policy (EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, 2006), these materials can be seen as wastes, viz. “substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard”. Nevertheless, in nearly all countries, part of these road construction wastes is reused or recycled back into road infrastructure and this part may reach 100 % depending on the type of road waste.
From waste to materials management
© Wasteconsult International (6/2010)
The waste framework directive forms the legal basis of European waste legislation. The original directive dates from 1975 and was thoroughly revised in 2008. This revision served several purposes. First of all, the revision was part of the process of “better regulation” in which existing environmental legislation is screened on potential simplification without lowering the level of environmental protection. The new waste framework directive integrates three old directives, namely the old waste framework directive, the directive on hazardous waste and the waste oil directive, three pieces of legislation that showed considerable overlaps.
© Wasteconsult International (6/2010)
The waste framework directive forms the legal basis of European waste legislation. The original directive dates from 1975 and was thoroughly revised in 2008. This revision served several purposes. First of all, the revision was part of the process of “better regulation” in which existing environmental legislation is screened on potential simplification without lowering the level of environmental protection. The new waste framework directive integrates three old directives, namely the old waste framework directive, the directive on hazardous waste and the waste oil directive, three pieces of legislation that showed considerable overlaps.
