CO2 Capture and Re-Use at a Waste Incinerator
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (9/2016)
Recently a new innovative process developed by Procede Gas Treating B.V. has been commissioned at line 3 of the Twence plant, a Waste-To-Energy (WTE) plant located in the eastern part of the Netherlands. In this process the CO2, that usually is emitted to atmosphere, is in this new application, scrubbed from the flue gas and the obtained pure CO2 stream is used to produce a sodium bicarbonate slurry (SBC). Instead of the conventional SBC flue gas scrubbing process, where dry SBC particles are used, this SBC slurry will be injected to remove the acid components from the flue gas, before the gas is emitted to atmosphere. Due to the implementation of this process the carbon footprint of the Twence installation is reduced. The new SBC plant produces 8,000 tons of sodium bicarbonate annually and to produce this amount of SBC 2,000 ton per year CO2 is captured from the flue gas. The CO2 originates for about 50 percent from biomass.
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (9/2016)
Recently a new innovative process developed by Procede Gas Treating B.V. has been commissioned at line 3 of the Twence plant, a Waste-To-Energy (WTE) plant located in the eastern part of the Netherlands. In this process the CO2, that usually is emitted to atmosphere, is in this new application, scrubbed from the flue gas and the obtained pure CO2 stream is used to produce a sodium bicarbonate slurry (SBC). Instead of the conventional SBC flue gas scrubbing process, where dry SBC particles are used, this SBC slurry will be injected to remove the acid components from the flue gas, before the gas is emitted to atmosphere. Due to the implementation of this process the carbon footprint of the Twence installation is reduced. The new SBC plant produces 8,000 tons of sodium bicarbonate annually and to produce this amount of SBC 2,000 ton per year CO2 is captured from the flue gas. The CO2 originates for about 50 percent from biomass.
New Developments for an Efficient SNCR Monitoring and Regulation System by Evaluating the NOx Mass Flow Profile
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (9/2016)
When the SNCR process was introduced first in the eighties of the last century the focus was directed towards applying this low cost technology mainly in combustion plants where only relatively low NOx reduction rates were required. In these types of boilers, like waste-to-energy plants (WtE), the required NOx limits < 200 mg/Nm3 could be maintained easily. Today, NOx limits of 100 mg/Nm3 and lower can be achieved and guaranteed at all operating conditions for these applications. Therefore, the SNCR process represents the Best Available Technology (BAT) today. As a result, more and more owners of waste-to-energy plants take advantage of the low costs at comparable performance and replace their existing SCR system with SNCR.
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (9/2016)
When the SNCR process was introduced first in the eighties of the last century the focus was directed towards applying this low cost technology mainly in combustion plants where only relatively low NOx reduction rates were required. In these types of boilers, like waste-to-energy plants (WtE), the required NOx limits < 200 mg/Nm3 could be maintained easily. Today, NOx limits of 100 mg/Nm3 and lower can be achieved and guaranteed at all operating conditions for these applications. Therefore, the SNCR process represents the Best Available Technology (BAT) today. As a result, more and more owners of waste-to-energy plants take advantage of the low costs at comparable performance and replace their existing SCR system with SNCR.
Significance of and Challenges for Flue Gas Treatment Systems in Waste Incineration
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (9/2016)
Flue gas cleaning downstream of waste incineration plants had its origins in the increased construction and deployment of such plants to counter rising air pollution in the nineteen-sixties. Back then, the ever-growing burden on the environment caused lawmakers to start enacting emission limits for air pollution control. An unceasing series of environmental scandals and increasingly better analytical methods and measuring instrumentation led to a constant reduction of the emission limits and, consequently, to ongoing adjustment and further development of the necessary process stages in flue gas cleaning. As a result, today minimum emissions can be reached even under the challenging condition of deployment of a very inhomogeneous fuel (waste) and, hence, waste incineration today is no longer a key contributor to air pollution. Today, the need for flue gas cleaning is not called into doubt anymore and has long become a matter of course in the industry and in society at large. Apart from ensuring efficient elimination of noxious gases, the focus of today’s further developments is on issues such as energy efficiency, minimization of input materials and recovery and recycling of by-products from flue gas cleaning as valuable raw materials. These issues are also deemed to be key challenges, especially when it comes to selecting sites for new plants in such a manner that potential synergies can be exploited. Such aspects will also have to be considered in the plans for the predicted mega-cities of the future.
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (9/2016)
Flue gas cleaning downstream of waste incineration plants had its origins in the increased construction and deployment of such plants to counter rising air pollution in the nineteen-sixties. Back then, the ever-growing burden on the environment caused lawmakers to start enacting emission limits for air pollution control. An unceasing series of environmental scandals and increasingly better analytical methods and measuring instrumentation led to a constant reduction of the emission limits and, consequently, to ongoing adjustment and further development of the necessary process stages in flue gas cleaning. As a result, today minimum emissions can be reached even under the challenging condition of deployment of a very inhomogeneous fuel (waste) and, hence, waste incineration today is no longer a key contributor to air pollution. Today, the need for flue gas cleaning is not called into doubt anymore and has long become a matter of course in the industry and in society at large. Apart from ensuring efficient elimination of noxious gases, the focus of today’s further developments is on issues such as energy efficiency, minimization of input materials and recovery and recycling of by-products from flue gas cleaning as valuable raw materials. These issues are also deemed to be key challenges, especially when it comes to selecting sites for new plants in such a manner that potential synergies can be exploited. Such aspects will also have to be considered in the plans for the predicted mega-cities of the future.
Use of a Fabric Filter for the Sorption – What Has to be Considered? – Experiences and Solutions –
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (9/2016)
In almost all flue gas cleaning systems installed at WtE-plants, the fabric filters are central components. A good example for this is the conditioned dry sorption process which is currently preferentially used in Europe. Within the filter not only the particles and the particulate heavy metals are separated from the gas flow, but also all reaction products resulting from the separation of gaseous pollutants such as HF, HCl, SOx, heavy metals and in this respect particularly Hg as well as PCDD/PCDF. In addition to this the fabric filter constitutes an excellent reaction chamber with high additive powder density in the filter cake.
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (9/2016)
In almost all flue gas cleaning systems installed at WtE-plants, the fabric filters are central components. A good example for this is the conditioned dry sorption process which is currently preferentially used in Europe. Within the filter not only the particles and the particulate heavy metals are separated from the gas flow, but also all reaction products resulting from the separation of gaseous pollutants such as HF, HCl, SOx, heavy metals and in this respect particularly Hg as well as PCDD/PCDF. In addition to this the fabric filter constitutes an excellent reaction chamber with high additive powder density in the filter cake.
Institutional Rules in Action: A Multi-Level Analysis of Costa Rica’s Payments for Environmental Services Programme
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (12/2011)
Healthy ecosystems provide many environmental services (ES) that are indispensable for the wellbeing of humans.1 These services include climate regulation, water regulation, nutrient cycling, soil formation, pollination, and scenic beauty.2 In the past, ES have been undervalued3 since it has often been assumed they are public goods everyone should be able to enjoy free of charge.4 Moreover, private landowners have few economic incentives to protect the service-generating capacity of the ecosystems on their property.
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (12/2011)
Healthy ecosystems provide many environmental services (ES) that are indispensable for the wellbeing of humans.1 These services include climate regulation, water regulation, nutrient cycling, soil formation, pollination, and scenic beauty.2 In the past, ES have been undervalued3 since it has often been assumed they are public goods everyone should be able to enjoy free of charge.4 Moreover, private landowners have few economic incentives to protect the service-generating capacity of the ecosystems on their property.
Theoretical study of the deposition of nano-sized aerosol particles in fiber filters
© Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (6/2009)
This work aims the development of a theoretical study for the diffusive deposition of aerosol nanoparticles on a single fiber, which is perpendicular to the flow direction.
© Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (6/2009)
This work aims the development of a theoretical study for the diffusive deposition of aerosol nanoparticles on a single fiber, which is perpendicular to the flow direction.
Penetration of aerosol nanoparticles in fibrous filters
© Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (6/2009)
The performance of fiber filters was evaluated according to the penetration of nano-sized particles in homogeneous and heterogeneous fibers acting in aerosol filtration. Two fiber filters were utilized: a polyester fabric filter and a cellulose HEPA filter.
© Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (6/2009)
The performance of fiber filters was evaluated according to the penetration of nano-sized particles in homogeneous and heterogeneous fibers acting in aerosol filtration. Two fiber filters were utilized: a polyester fabric filter and a cellulose HEPA filter.
Air pollution in residential areas from wood-fired heatings
© Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (6/2009)
The target of this study was to investigate the local air pollution from wood-fired heatings in residential areas. Particle-phase PM10 samples were collected at a residential site Dettenhausen near Stuttgart during winter 2005/06 and in Bechtoldsweiler near Hechingen during winter 2006/07.
© Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (6/2009)
The target of this study was to investigate the local air pollution from wood-fired heatings in residential areas. Particle-phase PM10 samples were collected at a residential site Dettenhausen near Stuttgart during winter 2005/06 and in Bechtoldsweiler near Hechingen during winter 2006/07.
Surface exchange of heat and carbon dioxide in a campus area
© Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (6/2009)
Urban atmosphere may play an important role for the future micro-climate change with respect to temperature and CO2 concentration. The campus area is liberal in global warming gas like CO2. This study was carried out to evaluate the feasibility of using the campus-rural environmental gradient in replacement of the IPCC mid-term scenario (after 30-50 years).
© Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (6/2009)
Urban atmosphere may play an important role for the future micro-climate change with respect to temperature and CO2 concentration. The campus area is liberal in global warming gas like CO2. This study was carried out to evaluate the feasibility of using the campus-rural environmental gradient in replacement of the IPCC mid-term scenario (after 30-50 years).
Atmospheric boundary layer characteristics during high ozone concentrations in the Rijeka Bay area
© Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (6/2009)
In this study, a time series from the ground level ozone monitoring station for Rijeka (Croatia) as well as the associated meteorological conditions were investigated. In the summer, during 13 to 19 August 2000, the afternoon hourly ozone measurements were consistently higher than the 180 ug m-3 which represents an information treshold of pollutant concentrations according to the national standards.
© Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (6/2009)
In this study, a time series from the ground level ozone monitoring station for Rijeka (Croatia) as well as the associated meteorological conditions were investigated. In the summer, during 13 to 19 August 2000, the afternoon hourly ozone measurements were consistently higher than the 180 ug m-3 which represents an information treshold of pollutant concentrations according to the national standards.
