Modelling of Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) Properties Based on Material Composition – Chloride Quality
© ThomĂ©-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (9/2016)
Producing solid recovered fuels (SRF) is a well-established route for recovering energy resources from municipal solid waste (household and/or commercial). Chloride content critically impacts the quality of SRF. It directly influences operation of thermal processes, having deleterious effects through the high temperature corrosion of the boilers and through demands placed on the flue gas treatment (FGT) system, which could impact emissions control. Whereas design and specification of process plant can mitigate the technical issues associated with the presence of chloride experienced during thermal treatment, processing such fuels is associated with increased capital, operating and maintenance costs. This, at best, restricts the uptake/use of SRF or increases the cost of its treatment towards achieving a reduced chloride content.

CO2 Capture and Re-Use at a Waste Incinerator
© ThomĂ©-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (9/2016)
Recently a new innovative process developed by Procede Gas Treating B.V. has been commissioned at line 3 of the Twence plant, a Waste-To-Energy (WTE) plant located in the eastern part of the Netherlands. In this process the CO2, that usually is emitted to atmosphere, is in this new application, scrubbed from the flue gas and the obtained pure CO2 stream is used to produce a sodium bicarbonate slurry (SBC). Instead of the conventional SBC flue gas scrubbing process, where dry SBC particles are used, this SBC slurry will be injected to remove the acid components from the flue gas, before the gas is emitted to atmosphere. Due to the implementation of this process the carbon footprint of the Twence installation is reduced. The new SBC plant produces 8,000 tons of sodium bicarbonate annually and to produce this amount of SBC 2,000 ton per year CO2 is captured from the flue gas. The CO2 originates for about 50 percent from biomass.

New Developments for an Efficient SNCR Monitoring and Regulation System by Evaluating the NOx Mass Flow Profile
© ThomĂ©-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (9/2016)
When the SNCR process was introduced first in the eighties of the last century the focus was directed towards applying this low cost technology mainly in combustion plants where only relatively low NOx reduction rates were required. In these types of boilers, like waste-to-energy plants (WtE), the required NOx limits < 200 mg/Nm3 could be maintained easily. Today, NOx limits of 100 mg/Nm3 and lower can be achieved and guaranteed at all operating conditions for these applications. Therefore, the SNCR process represents the Best Available Technology (BAT) today. As a result, more and more owners of waste-to-energy plants take advantage of the low costs at comparable performance and replace their existing SCR system with SNCR.

Significance of and Challenges for Flue Gas Treatment Systems in Waste Incineration
© ThomĂ©-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (9/2016)
Flue gas cleaning downstream of waste incineration plants had its origins in the increased construction and deployment of such plants to counter rising air pollution in the nineteen-sixties. Back then, the ever-growing burden on the environment caused lawmakers to start enacting emission limits for air pollution control. An unceasing series of environmental scandals and increasingly better analytical methods and measuring instrumentation led to a constant reduction of the emission limits and, consequently, to ongoing adjustment and further development of the necessary process stages in flue gas cleaning. As a result, today minimum emissions can be reached even under the challenging condition of deployment of a very inhomogeneous fuel (waste) and, hence, waste incineration today is no longer a key contributor to air pollution. Today, the need for flue gas cleaning is not called into doubt anymore and has long become a matter of course in the industry and in society at large. Apart from ensuring efficient elimination of noxious gases, the focus of today’s further developments is on issues such as energy efficiency, minimization of input materials and recovery and recycling of by-products from flue gas cleaning as valuable raw materials. These issues are also deemed to be key challenges, especially when it comes to selecting sites for new plants in such a manner that potential synergies can be exploited. Such aspects will also have to be considered in the plans for the predicted mega-cities of the future.

Use of a Fabric Filter for the Sorption – What Has to be Considered? – Experiences and Solutions –
© ThomĂ©-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (9/2016)
In almost all flue gas cleaning systems installed at WtE-plants, the fabric filters are central components. A good example for this is the conditioned dry sorption process which is currently preferentially used in Europe. Within the filter not only the particles and the particulate heavy metals are separated from the gas flow, but also all reaction products resulting from the separation of gaseous pollutants such as HF, HCl, SOx, heavy metals and in this respect particularly Hg as well as PCDD/PCDF. In addition to this the fabric filter constitutes an excellent reaction chamber with high additive powder density in the filter cake.

Challenges in material flow accounting – Case study iron production process
© DGAW - Deutsche Gesellschaft fĂĽr Abfallwirtschaft e.V. (3/2014)
In this study the material flows of an iron production site are investigated. The plant utilizes waste plastics in addition to coke as reducing agent. Advantages and challenges for the application of material flow accounting on a company level are described, particularly with respect to data uncertainties from substance concentration measurements and error propagation.

Industrial Air Pollution and the Permitting Procedure of three thermal Power Stations of the Public Power Corporation (P.P.C.) S.A. in Greece
© Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (6/2009)
The three thermal Power Stations of the Public Power Corporation (P.P.C.) S.A. located in the Prefecture of Kozani caused significant air pollution problem due to their operation. This paper presents the Greek Ombudsman’s (GO), investigation for the legality of the Plants operation framework up to the end of 2005. Three main problems were revealed during the investigation. i. Air pollutant (and especially PM-10) emissions were above the admissible level on a systematic basis. ii. The power stations approved environmental terms had expired since 2002 and no renewal had taken place. Thus the industries operation was illegal. The issue was that the new environmental terms approval was delayed, because P.P.C. could not implement the Best Available Techniques that should have been incorporated in the terms decisions, according to the IPPC (96/61/EC) Directive requirements. iii. The three industries operation license was very close to expire and no progress was made on its renewal.

Seasonal characteristics of particulate matter and metallic elements in a residential area in Ulsan, Korea
© Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (6/2009)
This study investigated mass and metallic elements composition of fine and coarse particles collected in an residential area of Ulsan, Korea. Daily sampling using an eight-stage cascade impactor were conducted from April through August 2008.

Frequency of occurrence of concentrations of air pollutants and their relationship to the established activities in Thriassion Plain – Greece
© Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (6/2009)
In many cases the understating of air pollution and air quality problems requires the knowledge not only of the actual concentrations of the air pollutants, but also of the frequency of occurrence of these concentrations. This information can be used to track the relationship between air pollutants’ concentrations and long-term changes over an area, such as the number of activities and their emissions.

Toxicity of fine and coarse atmospheric particles using Vibrio fischeri
© Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (6/2009)
In the present study, the toxicity of fine (<2.5m) and coarse (2.5-10um) particulate matter was determined using a rapid and cost-effective bioluminescence assay, the Microtox bioassay. Samples were collected in the city of Kozani which is a heavy industrialized area in the north-western part of Greece and characterized by complex topography. Near Kozani, lignite power stations (PS) operate with a total installed generating capacity of more than 4.7 GW. These PS contribute to about 57% of the total electrical energy produced in Greece. The lignite used by these power stations is mined in the nearby open-pit mines. Dust emissions seem to be the most serious problem in the area, as the measured ambient concentrations of suspended particles are at high levels and exceed local and international standards.

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